Akt (pan) (C67E7) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (SignalFlex^TMmFluor^TMRed 780 Conjugate)#44068,Cell Signaling Technology (CST),44068

Akt, also referred to as PKB or Rac, plays a critical role in controlling cell survival and apoptosis (1-3). This protein kinase is activated by insulin and various growth and survival factors to function in a wortmannin-sensitive pathway involving PI3 kinase (2,3). Akt is activated by phospholipid binding and activation loop phosphorylation at Thr308 by PDK1 (4) and by phosphorylation within the carboxy terminus at Ser473. The previously elusive PDK2 responsible for phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 has been identified as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in a rapamycin-insensitive complex with rictor and Sin1 (5,6). Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis through phosphorylation and inactivation of several targets, including Bad (7), forkhead transcription factors (8), c-Raf (9), and caspase-9. PTEN phosphatase is a major negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (10). LY294002 is a specific PI3 kinase inhibitor (11). Another essential Akt function is the regulation of glycogen synthesis through phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3α and β (12,13). Akt may also play a role in insulin stimulation of glucose transport (12). In addition to its role in survival and glycogen synthesis, Akt is involved in cell cycle regulation by preventing GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of cyclin D1 (14) and by negatively regulating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 Kip1 (15) and p21 Waf1/Cip1 (16). Akt also plays a critical role in cell growth by directly phosphorylating mTOR in a rapamycin-sensitive complex containing raptor (17). More importantly, Akt phosphorylates and inactivates tuberin (TSC2), an inhibitor of mTOR within the mTOR-raptor complex (18,19).Franke, T.F. et al. (1997)Cell88, 435-7.Burgering, B.M. and Coffer, P.J. (1995)Nature376, 599-602.Franke, T.F. et al. (1995)Cell81, 727-36.Alessi, D.R. et al. (1996)EMBO J15, 6541-51.Sarbassov, D.D. et al. (2005)Science307, 1098-101.Jacinto, E. et al. (2006)Cell127, 125-37.Cardone, M.H. et al. (1998)Science282, 1318-21.Brunet, A. et al. (1999)Cell96, 857-68.Zimmermann, S. and Moelling, K. (1999)Science286, 1741-4.Cantley, L.C. and Neel, B.G. (1999)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA96, 4240-5.Vlahos, C.J. et al. (1994)J Biol Chem269, 5241-8.Hajduch, E. et al. (2001)FEBS Lett492, 199-203.Cross, D.A. et al. (1995)Nature378, 785-9.Diehl, J.A. et al. (1998)Genes Dev12, 3499-511.Gesbert, F. et al. (2000)J Biol Chem275, 39223-30.Zhou, B.P. et al. (2001)Nat Cell Biol3, 245-52.Navé, B.T. et al. (1999)Biochem J344 Pt 2, 427-31.Inoki, K. et al. (2002)Nat Cell Biol4, 648-57.Manning, B.D. et al. (2002)Mol Cell10, 151-62.Alternate NamesAKT; akt 2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3; AKT1; AKT1 kinase; AKT1m; AKT2; AKT3; DKFZp434N0250; HIHGHH; MGC99656; MPPH; MPPH2; Murine thymoma viral (v-akt) homolog-2; PKB; PKB alpha; PKB beta; PKB gamma; PKB-ALPHA; PKB-GAMMA; PKBB; PKBBETA; PKBG; PRKBA; PRKBB; PRKBG; Protein kinase Akt-2; Protein kinase Akt-3; Protein kinase B; Protein kinase B alpha; Protein kinase B beta; Protein kinase B gamma; Proto-oncogene c-Akt; putative v-akt murine thymoma viral oncoprotein 2; RAC; rac protein kinase alpha; rac protein kinase beta; RAC-ALPHA; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-BETA; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-gamma; RAC-gamma serine/threonine protein kinase; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-PK-alpha; RAC-PK-beta; RAC-PK-gamma; serine threonine protein kinase, Akt-3; serine-threonine protein kinase; STK-2; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 (protein kinase B, gamma); v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene-like protein 1

AKT; akt 2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3; AKT1; AKT1 kinase; AKT1m; AKT2; AKT3; DKFZp434N0250; HIHGHH; MGC99656; MPPH; MPPH2; Murine thymoma viral (v-akt) homolog-2; PKB; PKB alpha; PKB beta; PKB gamma; PKB-ALPHA; PKB-GAMMA; PKBB; PKBBETA; PKBG; PRKBA; PRKBB; PRKBG; Protein kinase Akt-2; Protein kinase Akt-3; Protein kinase B; Protein kinase B alpha; Protein kinase B beta; Protein kinase B gamma; Proto-oncogene c-Akt; putative v-akt murine thymoma viral oncoprotein 2; RAC; rac protein kinase alpha; rac protein kinase beta; RAC-ALPHA; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-BETA; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-gamma; RAC-gamma serine/threonine protein kinase; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-PK-alpha; RAC-PK-beta; RAC-PK-gamma; serine threonine protein kinase, Akt-3; serine-threonine protein kinase; STK-2; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 (protein kinase B, gamma); v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene-like protein 1