Nanobodies

Nanobodies are single-domain antibody fragments (VHH) derived from heavy-chain antibodies of camelids. With a molecular weight of only ~15 kDa, roughly one-tenth that of conventional antibodies, they represent the smallest known natural antigen-binding units. Featuring ultra-small size, high stability, excellent tissue penetration (including the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier), and low immunogenicity, nanobodies overcome limitations of traditional antibodies and are widely used in tumor diagnosis and treatment, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, molecular diagnostics, and other fields, serving as a key direction for next-generation antibody engineering.